Tuberculosis vaccine: pipeline approaches and future prospective

Tuberculosis (TB), despite anti-mycobacterial therapies and vaccine, is a deadly infectious disease with about 12 million incident cases worldwide. Existing Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine is unquestionably inexpensive, safe and effective against severe forms of childhood TB but appears to be limited in effectiveness against adult pulmonary disease in endemic areas. Genetic variation in the population is the major obstruction inhibiting validation of biomarkers for protective human immunity against TB. Since current TB cases are presenting new challenges with threats of HIV co-infection therefore various attempts at a global platform are being made to develop a new modified vaccine against it. Consequently, Modified Vaccinia Ankara virus (MVA) vectored MPT64 & Ag85A delivery and polyvalent DNA vaccine, expressing an ESAT6–Ag85B fusion protein etc. are preclinically tested for boosted immune effects. However, better vaccine approaches still need to be developed against M. tuberculosis which can be unbeaten in most infected areas

Image Classification: A Survey

The Classification of images is a paramount topic in artificial vision systems which have drawn a notable amount of interest over the past years. This field aims to classify an image, which is an input, based on its visual content. Currently, most people relied on hand-crafted features to describe an image in a particular way. Then, using classifiers that are learnable, such as random forest, and decision tree was applied to the extract features to come to a final decision. The problem arises when large numbers of photos are concerned. It becomes a too difficult problem to find features from them. This is one of the reasons that the deep neural network model has been introduced. Owing to the existence of Deep learning, it can become feasible to represent the hierarchical nature of features using a various number of layers and corresponding weight with them. The existing image classification methods have been gradually applied in real-world prob-lems, but then there are various problems in its application processes, such as unsatis-factory effect and extremely low classification accuracy or then and weak adaptive abil-ity. Models using deep learning concepts have robust learning ability, which combines the feature extraction and the process of classification into a whole which then com-pletes an image classification task, which can improve the image classification accuracy effectively. Convolutional Neural Networks are a powerful deep neural network tech-nique. These networks preserve the spatial structure of a problem and were built for object recognition tasks such as classifying an image into respective classes. Neural networks are much known because people are getting a state-of-the-art outcome on complex computer vision and natural language processing tasks. Convolutional neural networks have been extensively used

KHADI A HANDLOOM FABRIC NOW USE IN FASHION WORLD WITH NEW IDEAS

Khadi is the heritage fabric of India  , which is a hand spun yarn  of cotton , or  it is also called as khaddar which  is handspun, hand-woven natural fiber cloth . The cloth is usually woven from cotton and  it may also include  the silk, or wool, which are all spun into yarn on a spinning wheel called a charkha. It is a versatile fabric  and  it has ,rugged texture, comfortable  to feel  it  provides coolness  in summer and warmness  in winter. “Gandhi's meaning of the fabric 'khadi' in the freedom struggle. It has been referred to as the 'fabric of Indian independence' and had a key role to play in the freedom struggleâ€. Now a days khadi fabric is exploring day by day  with  a compass changes in new styles , designs , colors  provided as according to the fashion . It is a Swadeshi fabric ( soul of Indian’s).Â

Pregnancy complicated by cardiac disease: fetomaternal outcome

Background: Heart disease complicating pregnancy is an important indirect cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. The study aimed to know the prevalence of heart disease in pregnancy, type of lesions, maternal outcome (obstetric and cardiac) and fetal outcome.Methods: A retrospective study of 508 women with pregnancy complicated by cardiac disease who delivered at gestation age >28 weeks was carried out at Lok Nayak Hospital associated with Maulana Azad Medical College, New Delhi over a period of 2 years.Results: Among 508 patients, only 330 were booked cases and 92 were unbooked. 24 patients came to emergency first time with congestive heart failure. Rheumatic heart disease was the predominant lesion seen in 77.5% cases. Cardiac disease was diagnosed during index pregnancy in 43.5% cases. 12 cases underwent surgical intervention during pregnancy as they were refractory to medical management. Cesarean section was performed in 109 (21.4%) cases mainly for obstetric indication. Overall cardiac complication rate was 38.38%. Maternal mortality was seen in 6 cases. Small for gestation age was seen in 26.4% cases and preterm labor in 19.9 % cases.Conclusions: Patients in NYHA I /II have better fetomaternal outcome than in NYHA III/IV. Vaginal delivery is a safe option and caesarean section should be reserved mainly for obstetric indication. Multidisciplinary team approach can significantly improve maternal and fetal outcome

Performance Enhancing Drugs and Methods of Doping: Mode of Action and Dope Testing Methodologies

World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) monitors each sport worldwide to ensure freedom from drug abuse. Abuse of Drugs or procedures specifically which are banned by WADA to artificially enhance the efficiency of sports-person is called DOPING.  The ban is imposed due to the side-effects of performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs), lack of fairness in sports, and the deterioration of sport for the public. The use of PEDs damaging the spirit of sport, and therefore banned, by WADA and the International Olympic Committee. Fair play is a prerequisite to promote clean and safe sports. Doping is the intentional use of banned PEDs by athletic competitors that may be overtly or covertly assisted by Athlete support personnel. Besides, athletes (or athletic programs) taking unambiguous actions to escape exposure make worse the fair disobedience with dishonesty and cheating. Immunoassay, Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS), Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (IRMS), Gel Electrophoresis, and Bio- /Chem-iluminescence technologies have been traditionally used in dope testing. There is a strong continuous requirement for further improving the quality of dope testing setups, processes, and procedures. Adoption of emerging technologies like metabolomics and the use of other omic technologies shall play a big role in continual improvements in dope testing. The present system in Doping Control is required to function in a more globally competitive, coordinated, and proactive manner. This review will outline a brief overview of the PEDs, their health impacts, history of their use, and their pharmacological impact. It also analyses comprehensive information on the Dope Testing Technologies available and in the offing

Comparison of pregnancy outcome between clomiphene citrate and sequential clomiphene citrate+human menopausal gonadotropin in intrauterine insemination

Background: Intrauterine insemination (IUI) has been widely used as a common treatment for infertile couples. This study compares the sequential clomiphene citrate (CC) treatment with CC and human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) treatment in women undergoing IUI. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the effects of addition of gonadotropin (CC+hMG) would improve the pregnancy rate in women undergoing IUI. And also compare the sequential CC+hMG treatment with CC treatment in women undergoing IUI.Methods: A cross-sectional study design was conducted at D. Y. Patil Fertility Centre, D.Y Patil Hospital, Navi Mumbai from September 2018 to August 2019. Source populations were all patients who live in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. A total of 67 patients were enrolled in this study. (It consisted of 67 sub fertile couples undergoing ovarian stimulation for IUI cycles). Results: There was no significant difference between the two studied groups regarding endometrial thickness (8.3±2.1 versus 9.7±2.8, respectively), number of mature follicles on the day of hCG injection (3.3±1.2 versus 3.5±1.1, respectively) and, but there was significant difference between the CC+hMG group and CC group regarding the total dose of gonadotropins used in ovulation induction (305±23.8 versus 655±192; total IU, respectively) p<0.05.Conclusions: Women undergoing IUI, ovarian stimulation CC combined with hMG, significantly improved the pregnancy and live birth rates as compared to that of CC group. In women undergoing ovarian stimulation and IUI, there are no significant differences in pregnancy and live birth rates among the various stimulation protocols

Expression of Ki-67 in premalignant and malignant lesion of cervix in tertiary care hospital in Uttar Pradesh

Background: cancer is fast emerging as one of the most common causes of death related morbidities throughout the world. As far as India is concerned. Ki-67 is an ideal marker to assess the cellular proliferation. The study aimed to evaluate the proliferative activity by using Ki-67 in premalignant and malignant lesion of cervix. To study the various histomorphology features of cervical lesion and grading it into cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and malignant lesion. To access the expression of Ki 67 in different grade of lesions. Methods: The study was carried in 60 cases of cervical biopsy that included 30 cases of CIN 1, CIN2 and 30 cases of CIN 3, SCC. Ki-67 staining was done on all cases which were diagnosed histologically as CIN or cervical carcinoma. The result was categorized in grading 1,2,3. Results: Ki-67 expression was studied in all cases. There was an increase in the intensity of Ki-67 from CIN to carcinoma. The focal positivity in low grade lesion to diffuse positivity in higher grade lesion was seen in our study. Conclusions: In this study, Ki-67 expression was helpful in differentiating dysplastic lesion from carcinoma and helps in confirming the histopathological diagnosis. Therefore Ki-67 marker could be used as biomarker in the evaluation of the proliferative activity and progressive potential of dysplastic and neoplastic changes

Histopathological evaluation of abnormal uterine bleeding with immunohistochemical study of significant estrogen receptor expression in endometrium of women with different age groups

Background: Abnormal uterine bleeding is symptom, not disease. Bleeding per vaginum is labelled to be pathological when there is constant irregularity in pattern and flow of bleeding, altered duration or increased amount of menstrual blood. Histopathological examination of endometrium biopsies remains a gold standard diagnostic tool. Methods: A prospective study was done on 150 patients presenting with AUB over the period January 2022 to December 2022 in the department of pathology, Hind institute of medical sciences, Sitapur, Uttar Pradesh, India. The sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and special stain estrogen receptor was used. Results: Majority of the patients were seen in the perimenopausal age group and most common complaint was menorrhagia in 73 patients (48%). The commonest pathology observed in our study was proliferative phase endometrium in 48 patients (32%). Most of the endometrial carcinoma (4%) were presented after the age of 50 years. The association between histopathological patterns and estrogen receptor category were found to be statistically significant as the p&lt;0.05. Conclusions: Disease burden on a global scale is witnessed by women affected by AUB thus having a detrimental impact. Accurate diagnosis of AUB in women over the age of 35yrs is important to rule out preneoplastic lesions and malignancies so that surgical interventions can be avoided by initiating proper medical management. Comparing the hyperplastic and neoplastic endometrium to that of the proliferative phase, ER expression was lower. Endometrial carcinoma with advanced stage often lacks the expression of the receptors

Enhancement of body resistence (immunity) through ayurvedic regimen

In today’s world of information and inter planetary voyages, most of the people find it difficult to devote time towards their health and fitness. This has led to drastic increase in health problems and health related stress. Unlike the early part of the century when infectious diseases were the leading killers, today’s health problems are mostly related to life style. In this competitive modern or scientific era it is difficult to follow the old classical fashion of life for a better health. Most of the diseases are caused by Low body resistance (Immunity). The ayurvedic concepts of “vyadhi-kshhamatwa†the potential intrinsic factor against disease is more relevant to this context of immunity. Ayurveda has stressed the need of the proper Life style elaborating the way to Dincharya, Ritucharya, Sadvritta &amp; Rasayan etc